Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Table Of Content

• Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology
• Layers
• Isochronic development of cortical synapses in primates and mice
• Extended data figures and tables
• Discovering the developmental importance of microglia

Directly after RG cell division, both daughter cells start with the same ground state of Notch activity and still possess neuroepithelial cell-cell interactions, having short apical fibers that contact the ventricle (Miyata et al., 2004). Why then does the self-renewed RG cell remain undifferentiated, whereas the daughter cell becomes neuronally committed? Because RG cells have long basal fibers, this could facilitate cell-cell interactions outside of the neuroepithelium. Retention of the basal fiber following division could be a critical determinant of a cell’s ability to sense signals from the SVZ and more basal cell types.

Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology

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Cellular behaviors observed in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) show that the human neocortex uses expanded numbers of both stem and transit-amplifying cell types (radial glia [RG] and intermediate progenitor [IP] cells, respectively). In the rodent, the great majority of RG are epithelial cells that reside in the VZ and make full apical-basal contacts (Noctor et al., 2002). However, it is becoming clear that RG are organized differently in the developing neocortex of other species. In developing monkey and human neocortex, cells with similar morphology to RG, but not necessarily spanning ventricle to pia, are found outside of the VZ. However, these cells were historically considered to be translocating RG transforming into astrocytes (Rakic, 1972; Schmechel and Rakic, 1979; Choi, 1986). Because RG were not yet appreciated to be neurogenic, nonventricular RG-like cells were also not considered to be neuron-producing cells.

Layers

Cortical pyramidal cells project not only subcortically, but also to other areas of cortex. The degree to which oRG cells in different species undergo neurogenic versus gliogenic programs and the extent to which they support neuronal migration are therefore ways in which neural development can be finely tuned to achieve the diversity in brain size and shape that we observe today. How β-catenin functions in the developing human neocortex is an unexplored but interesting future direction. The ventricular epithelium in humans is capable of RG self-renewal and neurogenesis but also generates self-renewing oRG cells that presumably do not express adherens junction components. Therefore, understanding the relative roles of β-catenin expression in adherens junctions and in the nucleus in both proliferative zones of the human neocortex will be highly informative. In contrast to the standard model of Notch lateral inhibition, whereby cells are locked into high and low signaling states, Notch activation levels in rodent RG are dynamic and exhibit an oscillatory pattern (reviewed by Kageyama et al., 2008).

Isochronic development of cortical synapses in primates and mice

Sensory inputs include those from the visual and somatosensory thalamus,7 with each neuron activated by many inputs. In contrast, neocortex is a layered sheet that includes, for most areas, five layers of cells and one layer of mostly axon endings and apical dendrites of cortical neurons. Neocortex receives its major activating input on small stellate neurons of layer 4, where only a few inputs provide the critical activation of each neuron. Layer 4 neurons do not provide a direct output but instead provide the main activation of neurons in a column above and below themselves.

Embryonic progenitor pools generate diversity in fine-scale excitatory cortical subnetworks

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That’s, that’s more research-y, in some sense, because it’s a field that hasn’t really developed yet, but we know what we have to do. And each cortical column is actually doing a complete sensory motor modeling. When we look around the world, we actually see things in different places at different locations. You can think about when you touch something, you can't understand it at all without moving your fingers. And so we move our fingers over a surface, again, think about it's not just the changing pattern of our fingers, what it's what we say is the brain is a sensory motor system, meaning that it's sensing things, but it's moving.

Many of the lines of evolution within the six major clades led to present-day mammals that continued to be of small body size, small brain size, and proportionately little neocortex, and yet their neocortex or some part of it had become specialized in some way. One unusual type of specialization is to reduce the number of cortical areas. Thus, primary somatosensory cortex (S1) immediately adjoins primary visual cortex, and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) immediately adjoins primary auditory cortex.29 Thus, secondary visual or auditory areas do not exist. Cortical neurons resume radial migration by re-acquiring polarity and extending a single leading process as they exit the SVZ. This leading process establishes intimate adhesive interactions with the basal process of RGCs for guidance in their migratory displacement.

Molecular Regulation of Neocortical Expansion

They generate daughter transit-amplifying IP cells that expand neuron number, and they provide additional radial fiber guides for neuronal migration. Further identification of the mechanisms regulating large brain size will depend on a detailed description of cellular behaviors, signaling pathways, and gene expression patterns. This new understanding will shed further light on human neocortical development and evolution and provide a substrate for understanding neurodevelopmental diseases of neocortical function. Although our understanding of mouse development exceeds that of other species, recent observations of the developing neocortex in humans, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and marsupials begin to reveal how differences in neural progenitor cell populations can result in neocortices of variable size and shape. Increases in neocortical volume and surface area, particularly in the human, are related to the expansion of progenitor cells in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) during development (Smart et al., 2002; Hansen et al., 2010; Fietz et al., 2010). Therefore, it is of increasing importance to place these developmental mechanisms in the broader context of neocortical evolution and explore how features of human neocortical development could be explained by changes to known molecular regulators of the developing rodent neocortex.

Willis based his proposal on the sheer size of the cortex in humans compared with that of other animals and on his own clinicopathological observations of individuals with epilepsy and learning difficulties. The cerebral cortex constitutes half the volume of the human brain and is presumed to be responsible for the neuronal computations underlying complex phenomena such as perception, thought, language, attention, episodic memory and voluntary movement. Although there is basic structural similarity across the entire neocortex, different functions are clearly localized in a large number of distinct fields, characterized by their input and output connectivity, their cytoarchitecture, the proportions of cell types, their modular structure and their microcircuitry.

Then it’s processed, and then it’s passed to another layer, and then another layer, another layer. But if you just want to remember one thing, the brain is a sensory motor processing system. There are some exceptions in in work that's been done in what are called place cells and grid cells, but but it’s not really that’s not in the neocortex. This idea of sensory motor learning and sensory motor inference is not new, but it hasn't really filtered into the neuroscience literature. I mean, people say “Oh yes, it has to do that.” But theories of the brain and theories how they work really haven’t incorporated that. But in a very top level first order approximation, we can say we can understand what the neocortex is.

Beyond the emergence of indirect neurogenesis, cortical evolution involved additional key mechanisms. Cell lineage labeling and single-cell transcriptional analyses have revealed a remarkable evolutionary increase in diversity of cortical progenitor cells, particularly at the genetic level. This includes, for example, multiple subtypes of aRGCs and bRGCs identified in human, macaque, or ferret but not in mouse or rat14,15,64,84. Likewise, innovations in progenitor cell lineages are critical for the emergence and expansion of the OSVZ15,85, the basal germinal layer typical of big and folded brains, which is absent in mice and is perturbed in human diseases that affect brain size85. Conditional genetic deletion of αE-catenin (Ctnna1) in the cortex disrupts the polarity of the epithelium, shortens cell-cycle length, and decreases neural progenitor cell apoptosis. Together, this results in a severely dysplastic phenotype, whereby progenitor cells disperse about the cortex and over-proliferate, eventually giving rise to a larger mature brain (Lien et al., 2006).

But you might not have known these nine crucial facts about this critical part of your brain. The procedure works by slowing down hair loss within a matter of a couple of weeks — sometimes after the first or second shampoo — then, after shedding is reduced, the hair growth takes over. It is subdivided into regions and demarcated by cranial sutures above the skull. Each cranial suture (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) has a corresponding function.

(A) The basal fiber of radial glia (RG) cells (red) is important for the reception of Notch signaling from neuronally committed cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and secreted factors such as retinoic acid from the meninges. In particular, we show how the reception of Notch signaling in RG results in activity of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which promotes HES1/5 expression and leads to repression of the neuronal state. Understanding the molecular basis behind the cellular mechanisms in human corticogenesis is key to identifying the evolutionary changes that resulted in neocortical expansion. This section aims to bridge the gap from cellular to molecular mechanisms, drawing heavily on examples in rodent literature that inform how human RG cells may be regulated. The coexistence of oRG cells with vRG cells demonstrates that human RG consist of two major subclasses, each functioning as neural stem cells in their respective locations.

Furthermore, these observations are consistent with the idea that oRG cells do not express apical constituents but are able to receive Notch signaling in the OSVZ. Consistent with these findings, transgenic mice expressing stabilized β-catenin in neural progenitor cells exhibited gross defects in neocortical development. Neuroepithelial cells in this mouse have a higher propensity to re-enter the cell cycle and undergo symmetric self-renewing divisions, resulting in a massively expanded population of VZ progenitors leading to folding of the cortical anlage (Chenn and Walsh, 2002). This study was the first experimental suggestion that expansion of the ventricular founder population could be the cellular basis for developing gyrencephaly, thus serving as an example of how progenitor cell expansion can underlie neocortical expansion (Figure 1A) (Rakic, 1995, 2009). However, this mode of expansion does not mimic the development of naturally gyrencephalic animals, which display vast increases in neocortical surface area without a proportional increase in ventricular surface area (for discussion, see Kriegstein et al., 2006).

In this final episode, we speak to a researcher who is determined to understand how brain matter creates intelligence, and why the future of AI depends on it. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.

Recent advances in understanding neocortical development PMC

Table Of Content

• Common principles between avian, reptilian and mammalian circuits?
• Source Data Fig. 2
• CORTICAL NEURONS ARE NOT BORN IN THE NEOCORTEX.
• Neocortex in early mammals and its subsequent variations
• Source Data Extended Data Fig. 2
• Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation
• THE NEOCORTICES OF EARLY MAMMALS WERE MUCH SMALLER.
• The Human Neocortex: A Scaled-up Primate Brain

These observations could be reconciled if SVZ progenitor cells have a greater capacity for transit amplification in gyrencephalic animals, such that they undergo multiple rounds of cell division before generating neurons (Figure 1B) (Kriegstein et al., 2006). However, this scheme could exhaust the capacity of RG cells to guide neuronal migration, as the expanded population of immature neurons would greatly outnumber the restricted number of migratory guides. All primates are characterized by an expansion of visual cortex and an increase in the number of visual areas. As in other mammals, primates have V1, V2, and prostriata, but they also have V3, DL–V4, an MT complex of motion sensitive areas (MT, MTc, MST, FST, and DM), and a number of subdivisions of visual cortex in the temporal lobe.

Common principles between avian, reptilian and mammalian circuits?

And then it passes its output to another section of the neocortex, which processes, does something, and then it processes, it sends it to another section in your cortex. Then I realized that I don’t think there’s anything more interesting or important to work on because every human endeavour is based on the brain. Everything we've ever done in the arts and the sciences, and literature and humanities and politics. And right after I got out of school I started my first job, working at Intel in the semiconductor business. This happened because I read an article by Francis Crick, which is in Scientific American, the September ‘79 issue. Tales from the Synapse is produced in partnership with Nature Neuroscience and introduced by Jean Mary Zarate, a senior editor at the journal.

Source Data Fig. 2

So, I think, you know, a typical thing you might find in our office is, brains. There’s a lot that’s known about the anatomy of brain, detailed anatomy. So like in the neocortex, there are literally thousands of papers that have been written about, you know, what are the cell types, and where are they located, and how they’re connected together and, and how they might work and so on. And so there's, you know, there’s about 150,000 columns in a human’s brain. But after many years, you’d probably be able to, you know, teams of people would be working on it, they’d be able to figure that out. And that would be reverse engineering it just like, okay, now we have a theory of how computers work, now we have a theory about how the brain works.

CORTICAL NEURONS ARE NOT BORN IN THE NEOCORTEX.

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And this has been the dominant view about a lot, but for many people, about how the brain works, how the neocortex works, for a long time. And the idea then is okay, so it’s sort of like this picture, that’s, it’s being projected the part of your neocortex and, and then what happens is one part of the neocortex processes this input from the eyes. And then that, there’s these cells in the retina, which project what they're sensing to part of the neocortex. There are many other things that relate to which we could go into, but are pretty detailed, the thalamus and how it interacts with the ethorinal corteres, and the hippocampus.

Neocortex in early mammals and its subsequent variations

The major contribution of OSVZ progenitor cells to neurogenesis, distinct from neurogenesis in the VZ/ISVZ, could allow for differential ontogeny related to location of origin as a potential avenue for increased neuronal diversity. To begin testing this, it will be important to analyze the extent to which VZ/ISVZ proliferation contributes to neurogenesis independently of the OSVZ. Following an introduction to previous models of neocortical expansion, this Review will focus on how the observed proliferation of stem and transit-amplifying cells in the OSVZ functions to increase neuronal number and surface area of the neocortex. Finally, we will compare OSVZ proliferation in different species and explore how the degree of OSVZ proliferation may be tuned to give rise to diversity in brain size and shape. The size and surface area of the mammalian brain are thought to be critical determinants of intellectual ability. Recent studies show that development of the gyrated human neocortex involves a lineage of neural stem and transit-amplifying cells that forms the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ), a proliferative region outside the ventricular epithelium.

However, an excessive tangential displacement of cortical neurons is deleterious, and the horizontal tiling of the developing cerebral cortex, or regular distribution of its radial units, must be actively maintained. The microtubule stability regulator protein Memo1 plays key functions in the maintenance of RGC structure and cortical tiling by repressing the hyperbranching of the basal process of RGCs and the excessive dispersion of radially migrating neurons83. On the other hand, it was recently shown that the chromatin-modifying enzyme Prdm16 is also necessary for transcriptional silencing in RGCs and to promote the migration of late-born cortical neurons and cortical layering49. (B) We hypothesize that asymmetric distribution of Par3 (PARD3) and asymmetric inheritance of the basal fiber during RG mitosis result in differential Notch signaling and cell fate in the two daughters.

Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation

The scRNA-seq matrix of cPcdh isoform expression in individual clonally related neocortical excitatory neurons. The neocortex is equipped with excitatory and inhibitory neurons and is uniform in structure. It has six horizontal layers separated by cell type and neuronal connections. The fourth layer is a bit small and does not have a primary motor cortex. The neocortex (or cortex) refers to the outermost matter of the mammalian brain. It essentially serves as a cover that contains a large majority of the brain’s mass that plays critical roles in sensory, motor, and association functions.

THE NEOCORTICES OF EARLY MAMMALS WERE MUCH SMALLER.

However, the neocortex has been suggested to receive major activating inputs through a stellate of neurons in layer four. The neurons found in layer four activate the neurons in the neighboring neurons rather than providing a direct output. Despite intense research spanning over a century, the evolutionary origin of the neocortex is still unclear. A large amount of research investigating the neocortex’s origin focuses on similarities between the dorsal cortex and the neocortex. The fossil record tells us that early mammals were typically small—generally somewhere between mouse- and cat-sized.

The Human Neocortex: A Scaled-up Primate Brain

The neocortex is derived embryonically from the dorsal telencephalon, which is the rostral part of the forebrain. The neocortex is divided, into regions demarcated by the cranial sutures in the skull above, into frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, which perform different functions. For example, the occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex, and the temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex. Further subdivisions or areas of neocortex are responsible for more specific cognitive processes. The pyramidal neurons of dorsal cortex receive thalamic inputs on apical dendrites that extend to the cortical surface, and have axons that project subcortically.

Scientists divide the neocortex into smaller cortical areas that are often referred to as the “organs of the brain”. Some cortical areas have been extremely well described, whereas others pose more puzzling and disagreement over function exists. Once newborn neurons delaminate from the VZ, they enter the SVZ and undergo a transition phase displaying multipolar morphology76.

The neocortex is the hallmark of mammalian brains and the most divergent part of mammalian species. If the neocortex is hurt, the cognitive ability of the person will be greatly affected. The neocortex has different subunits and each performs a distinct function. The substructure of the neocortex is called area and each area has a designated function.

Recent studies have begun to resolve these questions by demonstrating the cellular heterogeneity of the OSVZ, which includes both RG and IP cell types, and have highlighted their importance for neuron production during human fetal development. One of the most extreme changes in the lamination of cortex occurs in primary visual cortex (V1) of tarsiers, small nocturnal primates that are so specialized as visual predators on invertebrates and small vertebrates that they eat no plants. In even Nissl preparations for cell bodies, the traditional six cortical layers of V1 (area 17) of tarsiers is clearly seen as having as many as 12 distinct sublayers.47 In addition, V1 is proportionately very large, occupying about 21% of neocortex. Understanding neocortical development requires working at many different levels, from single-cell transcriptomics to tissue mechanics, and this must be applied to studying histogenesis at multiple levels, from neurogenesis to connectivity and cortex folding.

But the leaders in AI, most of them, I would say the majority of the really founding you know, people in AI, do not believe that these networks are intelligent. They know not only do not work the way the brain does, but they have severe limitations. This is a very big change to how most people think about how the brain works? No scientists will say, “Oh, that’s not true.” But it just hasn’t really filtered through any of the, almost none of the neuroscience, I’d say. It’s a big field so I can’t say none, but the vast majority of neuroscientists don't think about this this way. And the cortex has to know where its sensors are in the world and how they're moving.

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Although the importance of RA in this context has recently been called into question (Chatzi et al., 2011), this nevertheless underscores how regulation of the neuroepithelium could be due to the proximity of RG basal fibers with the meninges and other cell types (Figure 6A). In the context of neural development, HES1 and HES5 act as transcriptional repressors of proneural basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors such as NEUROG2 and ASCL1 (Ishibashi et al., 1995), therefore associating low Notch signaling with neuronal differentiation. However, the basic model of lateral inhibition is significantly complicated by the developmental dynamics of the neocortex, as cells enter the system through asymmetric division and leave through neuronal migration. In addition, RG cells also undergo interkinetic nuclear oscillations, and the extensive surface of their basal fibers that traverse the radial dimension of the developing neocortex could facilitate reception of Notch signals from distant sources and diverse cell types (Figure 6A). These observations suggest that the maintenance of Notch signaling in RG may be highly regulated in both space and time.

50 Updos for Long Hair to Suit Any Occasion

Table Of Content

• Twisted Braid Space Buns
• Low Ponytail With Scrunchie
• #12: Braided Messy Side Bun
• Updo with a Bow
• #14. HALF-UP BUN

A blow-it-out in style looks gorgeous and is easy to copy. Your hair must be long and have medium-length layers to pull off this easy hairstyle for long hair. The blowout effect happens when you blow your hair dry and enhance the movement by adding a few soft curls.

Twisted Braid Space Buns

I usually wear a 3 strand braid over the day, and if I have a special event in the evening, I can take the braid and twist it in a bun. I wear a lazy wrap bun in this picture – a wonderful bun that holds so well. You can use any hair accessories you prefer. I love that it’s a quick and playful hairstyle with a touch of an undone look. Messy updos can provide a little unique twist from the traditional sleek and straight ones. An undone look is both modern and trendy.

Low Ponytail With Scrunchie

It’s particularly good for thin hair, as you may achieve extra volume by teasing the roots. Use a brush to work any tangles out of your hair. If needed, mist a bit of the L’Oréal Kids Burst of Sweet Pear Tangle Tamer for All Hair Types throughout your hair to help loosen difficult knots. Speaking of braids, we love the look of double Dutch braids—there's something so nostalgic about them. Once your hair has dried, you’ll be left with effortless textured waves.

#12: Braided Messy Side Bun

This long shape is perfect for curly heads who want an organic style. Ask for minimal layers to keep your curly hair weighed down and less puffy when getting your haircut. Apply lots of products such as a leave-in conditioner and even some oil, and let dry easily for beautiful hair. This casual long hair down style is perfect for a blonde layered cut. By doing a blowout, layers will pop and add more movement to your straight mane.

Updo with a Bow

My favorite shine spray is Kevin Murphys Shimmer Shine. With small flakes of gold, it adds the perfect hint of sparkle. The French twist makes the perfect updo for long hair. It’s a very simple but equally elegant updo that will always stay stylish and up-to-date. The most stunning thing about this hairstyle is its flexibility.

For step-by-step instructions, check out the tutorial at How to Do Space Buns. For a different take on the look, secure the buns at the nape of your neck instead. After trying this hairstyle you’ll know that the easy updo hairstyles for long hair really exist.

The style needs to be messy but still neat. Be very light-handed and tightly pin the hair to the bun with a bobby pin or hairpin. This helps to prevent it from falling. It would be best to have strong aerosol hairspray, bobby pins, and hairpins and create a donut bun. Easy hair updos work with longer hair but also look great with medium-length hair. Any hair type can wear it, but styling is easier when the hair is not too loose and not too stiff.

Sultry Low Bun with a Twist

Whatever your next important date is, you’re now fully armed with ideas for the prettiest updos for long hair. Bring out the contrasting tones of your balayage hair with a crafty braided updo. The messy side braid finishes the romantic look with a modern touch. Bring your curls together by twisting them and pulling back into a low banana roll updo. It’s universal and can fit both a casual and formal setting, and any outfit. A top knot is another popular updo that’s easy to do with long hair—especially since it can be as messy as you’d like.

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This simple bun is cute and easy to accomplish. Start with a ponytail and loop it through a bobble like you do with a simple knot but leave a longer tail for the wrap. Then, wrap the left-over hair around the bobble and secure with bobby pins. This looks especially showy with ombre hair that features lightened ends. We all know that effortless-looking messy buns are anything but easy.

A blunt bob and a choppy fringe has to be one of my favourite bob hairstyles for curly hair. It's chic yet playful and works with every hair texture. Whether you opt for a sharp micro-fringe or a sweeping French-inspired fringe, it's an easy way to switch up a classic style into something more head-turning. There’s no denying the timeless appeal of a bob hairstyle—it’s simple, chic, and incredibly versatile. And 2024 has only propelled the haircuts popularity with an array of trending takes on this classic style. From ultra-short mini bobs to bouncy baroque bobs, it’s evident that this is one hairstyle that will continue to dominate for the rest of the year.

Get fancy with this stylish ponytail that is much more substantial than your typical low pony. Here, the hair has lots of volume and a bit of a twist above the base of the ponytail. Head over to Pretty Plain Janes to find out how to do this look yourself. Feel like channelling your great-great-gran (or one of the Olsen twins)? This loose and messy bun makes a real statement, and all you need is a crocodile clip. Here’s another bubble braid look that is super easy to do and perfect for long hair.

This elegant updo is done by creating a diagonal french braid and then looping everything into a bun behind one ear. It looks beautiful from both the front and the back. Make your way over to Inspired By This to check out the tutorial along with more photos. You’ll need very thick hair for this one… or you might consider adding extensions for a bit of extra volume. Simply braid your hair and secure it in a bun shape. Make your way over to Breakfast At Vogue to find out exactly how to achieve this look.

With such volume, you can have lots of fun with your hair on one side. Adding some hairpins could help keep the hair in place, on top of all the hairspray, of course. This half-up hairstyle is called the “knot and toss” because of its relaxed partial knot appearance. You’ll create this look by starting a knot of sorts with half of your hair and then pinning it in place. Check out the full tutorial over at Pretty Plain Janes. Are you looking for an easy hairstyle for your long hair?

Starting on the right side, weave your hair into a Dutch braid. Then, do the same on the left side of your head. For this easy braid for long hair, you’ll want to make your mane symmetrical.

Just overlap your twists and pin them in semicircles hiding the ends and creating the illusion of an endless twist. Pinning curls is such an easy way to make your hair ready for any upscale event. You can even add jewels to make the look more glamorous. Pinning curls like this brings a ton of volume and depth, while keeping the rest of your hair smooth makes for a very elegant hairstyle.

11 Easy Like, Really Easy Long Hair Tutorials You Can Actually Do

Table Of Content

• Large Pull-Through Braid
• Ballerina Bun with Braids
• A wrapped ponytail
• #24: Super Simple Messy Bun for Long Hair
• All Natural Curls
• #14. HALF-UP BUN
• #3: Easy Updo for a Bride

It will surely turn heads with its effortless style and can be achieved in seconds or less! Tell your stylist you want a face-framing cut with subtle layers to get this look. And those layers should blend into longer lengths.

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Large Pull-Through Braid

If your hair tends to incur fly-aways, frizz or rebellious curling on a regular basis, then guess what? You’re currently leading the fashion world! Read on for 40 great messy updos for long hair. Sleek and Tight Chignon with a Statement Accessory. Minimalist buns for long hair look great and create a graceful, lovely look.

Ballerina Bun with Braids

A little bit of swooping at the sides will finish the updo with elegance. Long tresses make for the best and the most voluminous buns. For a more refined finish to your messy bun, let the sides swoop down a bit and add a slight curl to your face-framing layers. It’s a look that will effortlessly transition from a busy day at work to a fun night out. Unlike the precision lines of a traditional bob, the softer box bob feels like a natural choice for curly hair thanks to its choppier, texturised shape. Also known as a "lob", a long-length bob is a great option if you have longer hair and you're on the fence about a dramatic chop.

A wrapped ponytail

There are classic updo hairstyles for long hair that never lose their relevance. Great for formal meetings and evening events. Emphasizes elegance and impeccable taste. An easy everyday look you can get by twisting parts of your hair and tucking it away in a low bun. The trick is to carefully tease the crown to create the bouffant-like effect.

If you’re on the go, all you can do quickly is toss your hair up in a bun. Just like that, your hair is out of your way. The quick hairdo gives you instant cool-girl vibes. Plus, it spotlights all the beautiful shades of your balayage.

This low bun and twisted braid will do just the trick. And while this look can be rocked with straight hair, we especially love it when incorporated with loose waves. For beauties with braids, this quick space bun look will take you braids to a new level. Our hair, like our patience during the pandemic, has been forced to grow. And even though many salons are open now, those of us staying home out of an abundance of caution are living with much longer hair than we’re used to. And you may have absolutely no idea what to do with it, aside from tossing it back into a ponytail.

#14. HALF-UP BUN

Of the many casual hairstyles listed here, this one is definitely on the more polished end of the spectrum. Perfect for long hair, this look combines the effortless wave with the complexity of a fishtail braid. As a complicated variation of your everyday braid, this style may take a bit of skill to achieve.

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You can also add a scarf or headband to make the pseudo-bangs appear more real. Once you reach the base of the ponytail, pin it on the top, bottom, and sides with a few bobby pins. Pull a few strands out around the front and sides of the style to loosen it up and give it a breezy, casual vibe.

Cute updos for long hair using a Fishtail show up best on hair with dimensional color, so if you don’t have that, consider getting highlights or lowlights. Your stylist will need a curling iron, a good setting spray, a texture spray, a finishing hairspray, and lots of bobby pins. When you’re looking for some new styles that are stress-free and still fun to wear, be sure to give these messy updos for long hair a try.

The plait will help to keep all your tresses together when it is wrapped into a bun. It will also give some gorgeous texture to your hairdo. Opt for an accessory with jewels to bring luster to your hairstyle. The bun on its own is casual enough to wear everyday, but the embellishment makes your hairstyle ready for special occasions. “Bob haircuts often require more frequent cuts to keep the hair shaped properly. Curly hair is notoriously hard to style, especially for those who don’t have too much experience.

Want to keep your long hair updo streamlined and modern? This chic style shows a minimalistic bun with a wrap, ready for a catwalk, red carpet or wedding. Exuding romantic vibes, braids are always a cute go-to for extra long hair.

For this style, simply brush your hair straight back and braid a few key sections. You can place the braids anywhere you want to! Then, pull your locks all up into a simple pony, braid it, wrap into a bun and secure with hairpins. If some strands fall out, no worries–casual is pretty.

This hairstyle is the perfect look for the office for those days when you need a #girlboss hairstyle. Icons wear simple hairstyles for long hair to show their flair. Slick your hair into a high pony with some gel and lots of confidence for a party or on your little girl when going back to school. If you are looking for a hairstyle that is easy to maintain, a low-maintenance straight copper hairstyle is a great choice.

The hair piece brings in an element of vintage glamor that makes your updo simply stunning. If ponytails are getting too stale for you, try this half-down hairstyle. It still lets you show off your back-skimming tresses, but the intricate updo adds a dose of glamor.

This style is easy to achieve if you have a super long cut. Whether you like to wear it all down or up, the result will still be astonishing! Such amazing curls look stunning on a dark blonde balayage with hints of purple streaks.

Dyson Supersonic hair dryer: Is it time to buy one?

Table Of Content

• Upgrade pick: Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer
• How we picked and tested
• The Lightweight Rusk W8less Beats All the Pricey Hair Dryers I’ve Tried. And It’s Under $100.
• Best for thick, dense, or curly/coily/kinky hair
• Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer
• How to Dye Your Hair at Home (Even Though You Probably Shouldn’t)
• What about the Revlon One-Step and other hair dryer brushes?

The W8less is one of the lightest, fastest, and hottest dryers we’ve tried (1 pound, 55 mph, and over 245 °F, respectively). Those are the only features that matter for drying your hair efficiently. We also tried the Hot Tools One-Step Detachable Straight Dry Paddle Dryer and the Revlon One-Step Hair Dryer and Styler, both of which were clunkier, heavier, and slower to dry hair than the Conair.

Upgrade pick: Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer

The handle doesn’t vibrate at all, which wasn’t true of other “luxury” models we tested. It has a long, 9-foot cord, and it’s less grating noise-wise than other dryers. It also comes with five magnetic attachments, including a diffuser, all of which are exceptionally easy to add or remove mid-blowout.

How we picked and tested

But because it’s missing markings for the air-temperature settings, it’s impossible to determine at a glance which setting the brush is on. More importantly, it lacks an ALCI (appliance leakage current interrupter) safety plug, so if it shorts or is immersed in water, the device won’t automatically turn off and therefore could cause an electrical shock. Elchim offers an impressive warranty and repair program that covers all its hair dryers. At 1.2 pounds, however, the Elchim Classic 2001 is heavier than our picks, and we found the handle to be thick and awkward to hold. Although this dryer is just as fast as pricier models, it’s the heaviest of our traditional hair dryer picks, and its attachments can be hard to remove. The DevaDryer by DevaCurl is slower and heavier than our picks.

The Lightweight Rusk W8less Beats All the Pricey Hair Dryers I’ve Tried. And It’s Under $100.

Some of her current favorites include Stanley cups and Alo Yoga workout sets. We look back at the life and career of the longtime host of "Sunday Morning," and "one of the most enduring and most endearing" people in broadcasting. The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed early Tuesday, March 26 after a column was struck by a container ship that reportedly lost power, sending vehicles and people into the Patapsco River. Officials from the National Weather Service and the CDC are already warning Americans about record-high temperatures in the coming months thanks to seasonal changes in the La Niña climate pattern. With these rising temperatures, there's also a higher risk of wildfires and droughts.

Dyson Hair Dryer Cyber Monday Deals 2023 - Forbes

Dyson Hair Dryer Cyber Monday Deals 2023.

Posted: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 08:00:00 GMT [source]

Whether this sound is more pleasant, as the company claims, is a matter of personal opinion, though. As with any dryer, the sound of whooshing air is physically impossible to eliminate. You get a styling concentrator, a flyaway attachment, and a wide-toothed comb, plus a “gentle” air attachment and a diffuser. Despite what magazine lists and advertisements would have you believe, most hair dryers are one-size-fits-all.

Best for thick, dense, or curly/coily/kinky hair

If you’re willing to splurge on a dryer, you might consider the Dyson Supersonic. It has consistently been our favorite to use since we first tested it in 2016. The motor sits in the handle, making the nozzle shorter and easier to maneuver.

Wirecutter is the product recommendation service from The New York Times. Our journalists combine independent research with (occasionally) over-the-top testing so you can make quick and confident buying decisions. Whether it’s finding great products or discovering helpful advice, we’ll help you get it right (the first time).

The W8less comes with a concentrator, which is helpful for straightening hair, but it does not come with a diffuser. The gorgeous GHD Helios 1875W Advanced Professional Hair Dryer is heavier and slower than our pick, the Rusk W8less—and three times the price. However, at over 9.5 feet, its cord ties with that of the Amika Accomplice for the second-longest cord of any hair dryer we’ve tested, and this dryer is especially beautiful. It’s no more effective than our other picks, but if you want the most pleasant hair-drying experience possible, the Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer provides that. This dryer has an unusual design that makes it extraordinarily nice to use. The Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer offers all the features you need in a hair dryer while costing a fraction of the price of a luxury model.

What about the Revlon One-Step and other hair dryer brushes?

It offers seven suction power levels and three heat settings (high, low, or the no-heat cool shot). Most hair dryers are effective at blowing hot air toward your head—sometimes quite fast—in order to speed along your hairstyling. It’s the small differences between models that can make a big difference overall, particularly with daily use. The EZ Dryer Ion is the most effective and efficient paddle-style hair dryer brush we tested.

Among the models we tested, it tied for blowing the hottest and fastest air. If you have curly hair and prefer using a diffuser to dry it, you have to buy one separately (though it’s best to buy a hair dryer that comes with one). After putting in over 20 hours of research and spending over 70 hours testing 42 hair dryers, we’ve found that some are far more pleasant to hold and use than others. Because it provides an excellent experience for the price, we think the Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer is the best choice. Although the 1,875-watt Revlon Compact Styler is a wallet saver at around $10, the savings do not make up for the dryer’s added heft, its lack of attachments, and its reduced wind speeds compared with those of our picks.

One tester, who usually requires two back-to-back appointments with a professional stylist at Drybar, now achieves similar drying and smoothing results with the RevAir in as little as 20 minutes. The RevAir has an exceptionally large footprint compared with most dryers. The entire corded machine weighs about 8 pounds and is the size of a toaster. The hose-attached handheld wand alone weighs more than our heavier dryer picks (around 2 pounds), but we found that this is not terribly problematic because very little motion is required to use it. The Hot Tools Professional Black Gold Turbo Ionic Salon Dryer (DC Motor) is extremely light at only 14 ounces. But it also has the most buttons and slides and switches of any hair dryer we’ve ever tested, including a cool-shot button, a power-boost slide, an ion select wheel, and switches for speed and temp—whew!

The motor sits in the handle of the dryer rather than in the head. The handle is straight and a tad thicker than that of the Rusk W8less, too. Dyson says the motor placement makes the weight of the dryer more balanced, since it’s not top-heavy. The difference isn’t huge, but over weeks of using the Supersonic, we found ourselves appreciating the configuration. If you have trouble holding a typical dryer overhead, the weight distribution of this one might make gripping easier, a reader told us.

The Revlon 1875-Watt Infrared Hair Dryer produced a wind speed of 45 mph (measured directly in front of the nozzle), slower than the speed we got from our picks. It weighs just over a pound, has a cord measuring 5.5 feet, and comes with a concentrator and a diffuser. But the mediocre specs, along with the gimmicky red lights that flash while you’re blow-drying, kept this dryer from being a pick, even though it was a particularly inexpensive model at the time of our tests. It weighs less than a pound, it has an 8-foot cord (one of the longest we found), it’s notably comfortable to hold, and overall it has the best combination of features we deem important.

The 4 Best Hair Dryers of 2024 Reviews by Wirecutter

Table Of Content

• RevAir
• Our pick: Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer
• How to Dye Your Hair at Home (Even Though You Probably Shouldn’t)
• Upgrade pick: Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer
• The Lightweight Rusk W8less Beats All the Pricey Hair Dryers I’ve Tried. And It’s Under $100.
• Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer

Wirecutter is the product recommendation service from The New York Times. Our journalists combine independent research with (occasionally) over-the-top testing so you can make quick and confident buying decisions. Whether it’s finding great products or discovering helpful advice, we’ll help you get it right (the first time).

RevAir

But the buttons are positioned on the side, and they made the dryer hard for us to hold without getting poked in the hand. The Conair 1875-Watt 3-in-1 Ionic Styler has a long row of grills (and a brush attachment) instead of a circular nozzle. It gives you no way to attach a diffuser, which means you’re stuck with a single-purpose dryer.

Our pick: Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer

11 Best Hair Dryers in 2024 Reviewed by Allure Editors - Allure

11 Best Hair Dryers in 2024 Reviewed by Allure Editors.

Posted: Fri, 12 Apr 2024 07:00:00 GMT [source]

If you’re willing to splurge on a dryer, you might consider the Dyson Supersonic. It has consistently been our favorite to use since we first tested it in 2016. The motor sits in the handle, making the nozzle shorter and easier to maneuver.

How to Dye Your Hair at Home (Even Though You Probably Shouldn’t)

However, the dryer doesn’t have separate wind-speed and temperature-control settings (if you want hot air, it must also be fast). We found the position of the speed and heat buttons on the back of the dryer’s head less than ideal, and the cool-shot button is in an awkward spot at the very top of the handle. If you don’t change speeds and temperature a lot, though, the button locations might be a bonus, as they are hard to hit accidentally. Meanwhile, the cord has a small power bar near the plug, which itself is bulky.

Compared with the Rusk W8less, the Amika Accomplice Compact Dryer (currently unavailable) is heavier, limited to a lower max temperature (215 °F), and double the price. However, its 9.5-foot cord ties with that of the GHD Helios for the second-longest cord among the dryers we’ve tried. One tester found that the heavier cord tired out her arms when she was drying the top of her head, though resting the power bar (which most dryers do not have) on the counter helped. The sound the Supersonic emits is a high-pitched whine, with none of the low rattle that other dryers put out.

Latest CBS News Videos

It offers seven suction power levels and three heat settings (high, low, or the no-heat cool shot). Most hair dryers are effective at blowing hot air toward your head—sometimes quite fast—in order to speed along your hairstyling. It’s the small differences between models that can make a big difference overall, particularly with daily use. The EZ Dryer Ion is the most effective and efficient paddle-style hair dryer brush we tested.

Some of her current favorites include Stanley cups and Alo Yoga workout sets. We look back at the life and career of the longtime host of "Sunday Morning," and "one of the most enduring and most endearing" people in broadcasting. The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed early Tuesday, March 26 after a column was struck by a container ship that reportedly lost power, sending vehicles and people into the Patapsco River. Officials from the National Weather Service and the CDC are already warning Americans about record-high temperatures in the coming months thanks to seasonal changes in the La Niña climate pattern. With these rising temperatures, there's also a higher risk of wildfires and droughts.

The handle doesn’t vibrate at all, which wasn’t true of other “luxury” models we tested. It has a long, 9-foot cord, and it’s less grating noise-wise than other dryers. It also comes with five magnetic attachments, including a diffuser, all of which are exceptionally easy to add or remove mid-blowout.

Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer

Among the models we tested, it tied for blowing the hottest and fastest air. If you have curly hair and prefer using a diffuser to dry it, you have to buy one separately (though it’s best to buy a hair dryer that comes with one). After putting in over 20 hours of research and spending over 70 hours testing 42 hair dryers, we’ve found that some are far more pleasant to hold and use than others. Because it provides an excellent experience for the price, we think the Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer is the best choice. Although the 1,875-watt Revlon Compact Styler is a wallet saver at around $10, the savings do not make up for the dryer’s added heft, its lack of attachments, and its reduced wind speeds compared with those of our picks.

But because it’s missing markings for the air-temperature settings, it’s impossible to determine at a glance which setting the brush is on. More importantly, it lacks an ALCI (appliance leakage current interrupter) safety plug, so if it shorts or is immersed in water, the device won’t automatically turn off and therefore could cause an electrical shock. Elchim offers an impressive warranty and repair program that covers all its hair dryers. At 1.2 pounds, however, the Elchim Classic 2001 is heavier than our picks, and we found the handle to be thick and awkward to hold. Although this dryer is just as fast as pricier models, it’s the heaviest of our traditional hair dryer picks, and its attachments can be hard to remove. The DevaDryer by DevaCurl is slower and heavier than our picks.

The W8less is one of the lightest, fastest, and hottest dryers we’ve tried (1 pound, 55 mph, and over 245 °F, respectively). Those are the only features that matter for drying your hair efficiently. We also tried the Hot Tools One-Step Detachable Straight Dry Paddle Dryer and the Revlon One-Step Hair Dryer and Styler, both of which were clunkier, heavier, and slower to dry hair than the Conair.

The W8less comes with a concentrator, which is helpful for straightening hair, but it does not come with a diffuser. The gorgeous GHD Helios 1875W Advanced Professional Hair Dryer is heavier and slower than our pick, the Rusk W8less—and three times the price. However, at over 9.5 feet, its cord ties with that of the Amika Accomplice for the second-longest cord of any hair dryer we’ve tested, and this dryer is especially beautiful. It’s no more effective than our other picks, but if you want the most pleasant hair-drying experience possible, the Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer provides that. This dryer has an unusual design that makes it extraordinarily nice to use. The Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer offers all the features you need in a hair dryer while costing a fraction of the price of a luxury model.

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Tucker, GA Delicious Barbecue Meals

Table Of Content

• Water Front Lot
• Offering a Rich Menu of Delicious Barbecue Meals
• WELCOME TO ATLANTA’S BEST BBQ
• The Neutra VDL Studio and Residences
• Historic Home Museums in Los Angeles

We also delivered a couple times a week to the stores. I don't remember a location in Athens. I was here in the mid to late 70s and this was Poss Country when it cane to barbeque.There may have been one opened in the 80s. I'll see what I can find out from the "old Athens" group on Facebook.

Water Front Lot

Offering a mouth-watering array of classic barbeque options as well as breakfast fare, Old Hickory House welcomes both residents and visitors with the hospitality and friendliness the ATL is known for. Over the last 45 years, we’ve created a menu that highlights our family recipes, including old favorites and must-haves to new tempting delights. Also we continue to offer catering to our customer when they place a $200.00 or more order, and with a minimum of 24 hour notice, we can gather a full meal of delicious options and get them to your home or business. Delivering within a 5 mile radius from our Northlake Parkway location, our delivery team works to make sure your order makes it your way in no time at all while maintaining its high quality.

Offering a Rich Menu of Delicious Barbecue Meals

We have knowledgeable Lennar consultants who will be with you every step of the way, ensuring your smooth transition into homeownership. Of course, you are welcome to work with an independent realtor but not all communities offer a broker co-op commission. I remember the Tallahassee Old Hickory House on East Tennessee Street.

WELCOME TO ATLANTA’S BEST BBQ

If you’re not satisfied, we wanna hear about it and we’ll strive to make it right. Offering the same exceptional level of culinary genius as our Tucker restaurant, our catering team provides both residents and business owners with affordable dining options for a variety of events. Always fresh and made to order, your dinner and lunch options can include both new delights as well as old favorites. Don’t be surprised when your mouth starts to water at the mere sight of our catering menu. We designed it to make you do just that. As Atlanta’s most requested barbecue restaurant, we’ve curated a collection of side dishes, entrees and desserts that do more than just satisfy your guests, they delight them.

The Neutra VDL Studio and Residences

DeKalb BBQ joint rechecked after roaches, flies, 'slime' found - The Atlanta Journal Constitution

DeKalb BBQ joint rechecked after roaches, flies, 'slime' found.

Posted: Mon, 20 Nov 2017 08:00:00 GMT [source]

Or JR'S Loghouse off PIB which is OHH clone. Jerry Romano started it when his OHH deal fell through. Stew recipe same as acknowledged to be his grandfather's, who started OHH. My parents managed the Old South Motel on Cleveland Ave at I-75... Eating OHH breakfast BBQ biscuits were awesome 👌 ALL their BBQ was.

Old Hickory House building for sale, but restaurant plans to keep operating – Decaturish - Decaturish.com

Old Hickory House building for sale, but restaurant plans to keep operating – Decaturish.

Posted: Mon, 09 Dec 2019 08:00:00 GMT [source]

The recipes have been handed down from generation to generation. Our famous Brunswick Stew, sauce, in-house made banana pudding, and fruit cobblers are some of our customers' favorites! We now serve a great country breakfast with the biggest pancakes and biscuits around. There was a Hickory House location on Northside Drive at Deering Road before it was an "Oga's" or whatever.

I hope the Northlake location can last at least a little longer. Neutra ran his architectural from the original house from 1932 until a fire destroyed most of the main building in 1963. The Research House was rebuilt with the most modern materials and design adaptations by Neutra and his son Dion in 1966. There is also a Garden House on the property that was occupied by Dion Neutra and his family. Tours of the VDL House are conducted on Saturdays by architecture students from Cal Poly Pomona. George Jackson, owner of the Old Hickory House in Tucker, Ga. first started serving great barbeque on Piedmont Road, Atlanta, Ga. in 1955.

From our award-winning entrees, such as ribs, brisket and pulled pork, to our world-renowned Brunswick stew and our always popular banana pudding, every dish promises tasty thrills for you and your guest. Affordable and delicious, Old Hickory House catering options take the stress and hassle out of your party and event planning. You can still eat at the OHH Northlake.

The passing of the Old Hickory House is sad for me, indeed. I believe that it closed around 2002. If you enjoy exploring the historic homes of famous, and not-so-famous people, there are a number of historic residences in Southern California that are open to the public as museums. Most of them are City, State and National Historic Landmarks There is some overlap with LA Local History Museums.

Was a resident of Dunwoody for over 10 years. OHH was a traditional meeting place, usually for breakfast at least weekly, with my best friends there. I have always looked forward to meeting there in Dunwoody when I revisit Atlana. The atmosphere nutured many good times.

I actually managed the pharr road location in the early 80s. I did most of the catering for the company as well. You cant find bbq or stew anywhere on the planet that compares to ohh. I have lived in the Atlanta area my whole life.